Clean Edge Case Analysis free essay sample

7 Top Tips on Writing the Time

7 Top Tips on Writing the Time 7 Top Tips on Writing the Time As any individual who has turned up for an early afternoon meeting at 12 PM will let you know, clearness is fundamental when composing the hour of day. Be that as it may, there are numerous approaches to compose the time, and the best methodology isn’t constantly self-evident. So to assist, we’ve arranged this manual for writing the time down. 1. Words or Numerals? You can compose the hour of day utilizing either words or numerals. On the off chance that you are utilizing numerals, you would as a rule incorporate the two hours and minutes, in spite of the fact that you can preclude the minutes in less conventional composition. For example, all the accompanying would be adequate: She gets up at six toward the beginning of the day consistently. She gets up at 6:00 toward the beginning of the day consistently. She gets up at 6 o’clock toward the beginning of the day consistently. Generally speaking, however, you would possibly work out the time as words when: It is a piece of a full sentence, especially in clear or scholarly composition. Utilizing a 12-hour clock (never with a 24-hour clock). Youre alluding to an estimated or round time (e.g., saying â€Å"ten thirty† is fine, yet you would not as a rule compose â€Å"twenty-four minutes after eight†). In most different cases, numerals are the more clear alternative for composing the time, particularly in logical and specialized composition, where exactness is imperative. 2. AM and PM The truncations AM and PM can be utilized when composing the time as numerals. Each applies to an alternate time of day: AM is short for risk meridiem, which means â€Å"before noon.† PM is short for post meridiem, which means â€Å"after noon.† All things considered, we use AM and PM to show the hour of day when we are utilizing a 12-hour clock. We can perceive how this functions all the more unmistakably in the event that we work out different occasions of day in both 12-hour and 24-hour positions: Time 12-Hour Clock 24-Hour Clock 12 PM 12:00 AM 00:00 Three toward the beginning of the day 03:00 AM 03:00 Half past eight toward the beginning of the day 08:30 AM 08:30 Late morning 12:00 PM 12:00 Three toward the evening 03:00 PM 15:00 Half past eight at night 08:30 PM 20:30 You can see here that we need AM and PM with the twelve-hour clock for lucidity. Without them, we wouldn’t have the option to differentiate between, e.g., late morning and 12 PM. Moreover, however, you don't have to incorporate AM or PM with a 24-hour time since it is now clear. There are additionally a few different ways to compose AM and PM, including: ALL CAPS, little tops, or lower case (e.g., 12 AM, 12 AM, or 12 am) With or without periods between the letters (e.g., 8 PM or 8 P.M.) With or without a space after the number (e.g., 1 AM or 1AM) Consistency is key here, so make a point to apply one style all through your archive. You may likewise need to check your style direct in the event that you have one, as certain associations will have their own guidelines for how to compose AM and PM. 3. When to Use O’clock You’ll have seen we use â€Å"o’clock† in one of the models above. This term implies â€Å"of the clock,† so we can utilize it to demonstrate that a number alludes to a period. Be that as it may, you should just utilize â€Å"o’clock† with careful hours: It is absolutely 5 o’clock. âÅ" I’m leaving at seven o’clock. âÅ" It showed up at 7:34 o’clock. âÅ"Ëœ The gig begins at half past seven o’clock. âÅ"Ëœ We’ll spare a conversation of when wine o’clock is for another blog entry. 4. Past, After, Till, and To When composing the time as words, use â€Å"after,† â€Å"past,† and â€Å"to† for interims between hours. You can join these terms with either numbers or the words â€Å"half† and â€Å"quarter† relying upon the time being referred to: Use after or past for interims up to thirty minutes past the hour. Use to for any interim after the half hour up to the hour. Utilize half past to show 30 minutes past the hour. Use quarter pastâ orâ quarter after for 15 minutes after the hour. Use quarter to for 15 minutes up to the hour. For instance, we would utilize the above in like manner in the accompanying occasions: 7:05 â†' Five after seven 7:15 â†' Quarter past seven 7:30 â†' Half past seven 7:45 â†' Quarter to eight 7:55 â†' Five to eight Remember that utilizing after for times is just standard in American English. In other English vernaculars, past is unquestionably progressively normal. 5. Interspersing the Time When composing the time as numerals, you can utilize either a colon or a full stop between the hour and the minutes. At times, for example, in the military, you can even work out a 24-hour time with no accentuation. For example, coming up next are for the most part worthy methods of interspersing a period: We have to leave by 6:45 pm at the most recent. âÅ" We have to leave by 6.45 pm at the most recent. âÅ" We have to leave by 1845 at the most recent. âÅ" The colon is the most well-known alternative here, yet it involves inclination. Except if you’re in the military, where case we propose adhering to convention. 6. Time Zones For the touching states in the USA, we have four standard time zones: Pacific Time (PT) [UTC-08:00] Mountain Time (MT) [UTC-07:00] Focal Time (CT) [UTC-06:00] Eastern Time (ET) [UTC-5:00] We likewise have territorial time zones for Alaska, Hawaii, and 5 US conditions, in addition to light sparing time in certain spots during the hotter months of the year. What's more, individuals in different nations utilize diverse time zones completely! Fundamentally, we’re saying topography can make time entangled. This is the reason we some of the time incorporate a period zone when composing the time. The initials UTC in the models above, for example, represent Universal Time Coordinated. We can utilize this to look at times in better places. Thus, â€Å"UTC-8:00† implies that Pacific Time is 8 hours behind UTC. Also, since we realize that Pacific Time is 8 hours behind UTC and Eastern Time is 5 hours behind UTC, we can work out that ET is 3 hours in front of PT. At the end of the day, by including a period zone when we compose a period, we can help individuals in different spots â€Å"translate† it into their own time zone. This is particularly significant in the event that you are composing for a worldwide crowd, since not every person will be in a similar time zone. You in this way need to incorporate a lot of time zone initials so your peruser can compute the equal time any place they are. For instance, in the event that we were making a declaration for a global crowd, we may state: The live communicated will start at 9:00 pm UTC. Somebody in Bolivia could then look into the distinction among UTC and BOT (Bolivia Time) and realize the communicate starts at 5:00 pm where they are. 7. Maintaining a strategic distance from Redundancy when Writing the Time Recorded as a hard copy, repetition implies utilizing a word pointlessly. We referenced above, for instance, that you don't have to utilize AM or PM with 24-hour times since we definitely know whether a period is the morning or evening/evening when utilizing a 24-hour clock. Different instances of transient excess you might need to keep away from include: Utilizing â€Å"in the morning,† â€Å"in the afternoon,† and so forth., close by AM/PM. Joining â€Å"in the morning,† â€Å"in the afternoon,† and so on., with a 24-hour time. Utilizing â€Å"midday,† â€Å"noon,† or â€Å"midnight† close by a period in numbers. We’ll end this post with a couple of instances of redundancies so you recognize what to keep an eye out for. Look at the table beneath, good karma composing the time, and let us know whether you need any assistance editing your work. Repetition Adjustment The occasion closes at 17:00 PM. The occasion closes at 17:00. The occasion closes at 5:00 PM. We leave at 6AM in the first part of the day. We leave at 6AM. We leave at 6:00 in the first part of the day. He hit the sack at 23:00 around evening time. He hit the sack at 23:00. He hit the sack at 11:00 around evening time. I’ll see you at twelve early afternoon. I’ll see you at twelve. I’ll see you around early afternoon. (N.B. ‘Noon’ is simply the better amendment here, since ‘twelve’ without anyone else could be either late morning or 12 PM.)

Common Mistakes Made When Writing an Economic Essay

Common Mistakes Made When Writing an Economic EssayThere are many economic essay samples available in the market today. They can be found online, in books and even in seminars. Most of the time, these samples are distributed through e-books.The problem with these essay samples is that they are written by someone who has either not studied economics or is a novice. As such, they do not address any of the most important points of writing an economic essay. Some of the common mistakes made by such samples are:The fundamental error made by such essays is to simply copy what someone else has done. What is most troubling about this is that there are plenty of websites that have done these and have done them well. This means that those who did the copying will get higher ratings. A poor work or graduate school, or lack of work ethic is often cited as the reason for making poor works.Some other basic points to be aware of include the fact that both the writers and the readers of economic ess ay samples are usually young. As such, the person writing the essay will focus on the reader's mind. As such, he or she may be attempting to convince the reader to read the paper and make the purchase at the end.As such, the essay will usually conclude with a sales pitch. This will then prompt the reader to purchase the product. Even if the paper is not well written, it can still be helpful if it persuades the reader to buy. This means that you should have an appropriate title to go along with the article that you write.You also want to keep in mind that even though readers love reading about such topics, it does not mean that they love writing about it. If you try to duplicate what someone else has written, your readers will not have a good experience reading your work. What is more, there are also ways to differentiate yourself from the competition.One way to accomplish this is to give a good discussion on the product. For example, if you are writing about a particular computer, y ou will want to give some solid reasons why it is a better choice than another model. You can also give good comparisons from other models.You may also want to choose a good topic because that will help you put together an interesting writing piece. As such, you need to be sure that you chose a topic that interests the readers. You also want to remember that you should never plagiarize, only borrow from others.

Direct Marketing in Todays Communicational Mix Free Essay Example, 2250 words

Direct marketing is defined as any direct communications to a consumer or business recipient that is designed to generate a response in the form of direct order placement, or request for more information - lead generation or visit to stores or another place of business to purchase the product traffic generation . Direct marketing can be in the form of direct response advertising, face-to-face direct sales, telemarketing, kiosk marketing, direct mailshots, online and email campaigns (Shultz Barnes 2001). Direct marketing has the distinct characteristics of being nonpublic, immediate and customized and being interactive (Armstrong Kotler 2001). Contrasting with mass marketing, direct marketing involves individual customers of whom the profiles are available to marketers and targeted with customized products, and market offers and individualized messages, distribution and incentives. Contrasting with mass marketing efforts of attracting customers, the direct marketing effort is foc used on retaining customers and deriving maximum lifetime value out of a customer base with whom the firm aims to establish a high level of customer intimacy (O Malley et. al. 1997). Highly developed customer profiling within Customer Relationship Management systems (CRM) such as Hilton Honours of Hilton Hotels manages and make use of over 4 million customer profiles and 14 million customer data records in developing their focused promotions combined with direct marketing efforts (Big Look at a Big Company 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Direct Marketing in Todays Communicational Mix or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The intended benefits and effects of direct marketing include the convenience, immediacy, privacy and customized nature of the shopping experience. Direct marketing through online mode brings in added benefits of facilitating a wide array of information and comparative search options so that buying decisions are well informed. The interactive nature of this promotional tool also allows for a high level of interaction where consumers can have pre and post transaction contacts with the supplier, reducing possible cases of consumer dissonance, which may have negative effects on brand perceptions.

Should Marijuana Be Banned - 1241 Words

â€Å"Saying goodbye to the college high?† Is the feeling of the cannabis high worth the academic and social side effects? This has been a question asked around many campuses across the state of Colorado. Ever since marijuana became legal in Colorado, it has become a hot topic on whether or not a college should allow their students to participate in the intake of cannabis products. College students and Universities as a whole are hindered by the availability and side effects of marijuana. Marijuana is â€Å"the common American term for the plant Cannabis Sativa† (Caulking, Kilmer, Kleiman). Marijuana has been the foremost leader in illegal substances used worldwide. It has been recorded that 133 million Americans have used marijuana in the in the past year. Notably outnumbering all other illicit substances combined. However, only 7 million of the 133 million use marijuana on a regular basis. In juveniles, 45 percent have admitted to trying marijuana at least once and 6 percent use marijuana daily. Furthermore, out of the 133 million users nationwide, only about 3 million have their medical marijuana license. There are many ways to consume this plant including inhalation of smoke or vapor given off by the cannabis plant. Likewise, many people also consume this plant by ingesting edibles and beverages including brownies, cookies and teas. With this in mind, if a college student decides to participate in the intake of the cannabis plant he or she will be affected by a â€Å"high†. ThisShow MoreRelatedMarijuana Should Not Be Banned Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesWithin today’s society, Cannabis is seen as a harmful substance of such negative controversy. Marijuana is a very prominent and controversial issue in society today. 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ThereRead MoreMarijuana Should Be Banned Marijuana944 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the history of agriculture, the marijuana plant, also known as cannabis or hemp has been extensively used as a source of medicine, fiber, and intoxicant. In the ancient folklore and writings of China and India, the earliest known descriptions of cannabis are evident. According to historians, marijuana was mostly used a ritual intoxicant and later on, it found significance in folk medicine. The practice of smoking of marijuana has only appeared recently. There has been a lot of literatureRead MoreMarijuana Should Not Be Banned Marijuana1282 Words   |  6 PagesCannabis, also known as marijuana, is largely known for its use as a psychoactive drug and medicine. It’s become a controversial issue as many people are against legalizing it because they believe it is a gateway drug (a drug that isn’t necessarily addictive, but can lead the user to use more addictive drugs) or for other reaso ns. Others, such as Daniel J. Pfeifer, support the legalization of marijuana for recreational and/or medicinal use. As a law student, Pfeifer argues the federal government’sRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Banned?854 Words   |  4 Pagesalone, tobacco was to blame for an overwhelming 435,000 deaths. In the whole past of humanity, marijuana has never been documented as a reason of death. Not one person in noted history has died due to the consumption of cannabis. (Annual Cause of Death in the United States.). However, marijuana has been connected to short term memory loss and to a faintly condensed lung volume when habitually inhaled. Marijuana also impairs judgment and motor skills, but its effects are nowhere near as severe as thoseRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Banned? Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesTo begin with marijuana is a natural plant grown in countries outside of the US. 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Most times the easy way seems like the best way out, the use of drugs, especially steroids for boosting up performance anywhere should not be encouraged, but when people demand for the best from everything, what choice is given? Legalizing Steroids the United States would have a huge effect on everyone, just like marijuana. There are different articles, and documentary of several cases of steroids; their types, their effects and result, the thought of researching, and presentingRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Banned? Essay909 Words   |  4 Pages Marijuana is now partially decriminalized in 24 states including DC and legal for recreational use in 4 states. Due to new medical studies, and the consequences on those convicted from use of the most common illicit drug in the world, the United States is being forced to rethink its stance on the matter. The fundamental argument about Marijuana in this country is: should Marijuana continue to be prohibited to citizens based on its health effects and/or medicinal values? Marijuana is the most commonly

Community Development Venture Capital †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Community Development Venture Capital. Answer: Introduction The Torres Strait Islanders are the native people of the Queensland region of Australia. However, there is a difference between the Aboriginals residing in the rest of Australia and the Torres Strait Islanders. There are two categories of Torres Strait Islanders staying closer to the coast and mainland of Bamage and Seisia. These native people have a distinct culture, which varies on the types of islands they are living in. This essay will look into the development of ATSI community by combining the specific theories to focus on the desired changes in the society. Rothmans model will be used to describe the approach of community work suitable for the ATSI (Arsenberg, 2017). The area of Torres Strait Island has 6800 residents and another 42000 live in the north of Queensland, especially in Cairns and Townsville. The aboriginals are indigenous of Australia as similar to the Torres Strait Islanders; however, the later belong to Melanesian origin. The aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islanders are the primitive population of the Australian land and region. Their knowledge of land and water is original which has come down their ancestral lineage. Such indigenous knowledge was effective in forming a spiritual, social and economic connection with the country. The connection with the land and region of Australia has travelled from the past and developed the present for shaping a better future (Lee, Kim Phillips, 2015). As the aboriginals are struggling for their land rights, therefore this area can be chosen as an area of change. To throw light on the intervention for change in community Rothman model can be used for taking a wider view. This model was effective in observing this practice as an enriching field including program planning, evaluation, administration, policy analysis and development and resource development and allocation. The strategic and intentional considerations were stressed upon for the change in ATSI community (Shragge, 2003). It was helpful with regard to social planning, policy initiatives based on neighborhood citizen and the development approaches, and advocacy- oriented community accomplishment. Further, it can be mentioned that the formulation of community interference comprises of different kinds of practices. The distinctive forms include practice of social policy planning, developing capacity and advocacy. The ATSI community has created their own knowledge and understanding of the ecological system, which reflects the present symbiotic relationship with their traditional land and water. The knowledge of this community regarding their land and water has helped in protecting the climate, people, land, culture and biodiversity (Hardina, 2012). In this way, they have been able to establish a mutual culture with the environment from a long time. Land is regarded as the base of entire aboriginal relationship, their economy, cultural practices and identity. Even though the land has suffered a lot due to illegal capture, the community did not fail to retain their connection with the same through narration, political activities and other ceremonies. The community has continued their struggle for land rights to attain recognition and respect. According to Kenny, McGrath Phillips (2017), community development is such a field of study, which consists of social and political movements. It aims to develop the community and make the world a better place to live in. This book has focused on the activities taken up by the communities to fulfill their needs by gathering required resources. In the Australian context, community development by means of different programs targets to assure that the natives fit into the western culture to lead an improved life. Therefore, the democratic theory can be suitable in this respect as the ATSI community need their freedom and be a part of the whole of Australia by overcoming the challenges. The community development agents are known as the external professionals who hold different views on this practice. While some consider it as a job or profession, others think it to be suitable for someone who is not a part of the community. The Rothman model of community organization is based on the concept that to bring about change in the community, the local people should be involved in the process of planning, implementation and analysis. It involves the three models of locality development, social planning and social action. The locality development model refers to the belief that to bring about change in the community more people should be involved in the process. For instance, the fight of the aboriginals of Australia for land and water should encourage the rest of the natives too. It will make their struggle worthwhile with the use of democratic procedures and voluntary cooperation (Kovner Lerner, 2015). The social planning model is a technical process of problem- solving in association with significant problems of the society. However, in comparison to the previous model, the extent of community participation might vary in this model. The main aim of this model is not to enhance social change as part of community practice. For instance, the struggle of the ATSI community for land and water need to be considered as an important problem that requires technical process to be resolved. The social action model assumes that a disadvantaged portion of the society needs to be looked after for making demands on the fortunate community. The disadvantaged community consists of the aboriginals and tore strait islanders who deserve social justice and their value in decision- making process. As stated by Gilchrist (2009), the agents of community development take help of networking system to achieve their objective of developing communities and helping the members of the community to lead a better life. Conclusion It can be concluded from this essay that development of aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community requires immediate attention. Little bit of difference that exists between these native citizens of Australia need to be mitigated by the agents of community development. The Rothman model of community organization was used to focus on locality development, social planning and social action. The specific models have helped in discussing about the desired changes in the community that would help in their progress. References Arensberg, C. M. (2017).Introducing social change: A manual for community development. Routledge. Gilchrist, A. (2009).The well-connected community: a networking approach to community development. Policy Press. Hardina, D. (2012).Interpersonal social work skills for community practice. Springer Publishing Company. Kenny, S., McGrath, B., Phillips, R. (Eds.). (2017).The Routledge Handbook of Community Development: Perspectives from Around the Globe. Routledge. Kovner, A., Lerner, J. (2015). Doing well by doing good? Community development venture capital.Journal of Economics Management Strategy,24(3), 643-663. Lee, S. J., Kim, Y., Phillips, R. (2015). Exploring the intersection of community well-being and community development. InCommunity well-being and community development(pp. 1-7). Springer, Cham. Rothman, J. (1995).Strategies of community intervention: Macro practice. FE Peacock Publishers, Inc. Shragge, E. (2003) Social action and it's legacy for social change: Activism and Social Change.Broadview Press; Ontario.

Is Kashmir on the Way of Good Relationship between Pakistan and India

Background Information The relationship between India and Pakistan has been in the global spotlight for many decades now. It is highly characterized by constant interstate confrontations, war, and numerous crises. Ever since the late 1940s, the Indo-Pakistan relations have been in a state of cold war and over the years the conflict has escalated and taken the form of widespread armed clashes as well as nuclear war (Lyon ix). The dominant aim in the official Indo-Pakistan relations has been the search for lasting peace between the two countries (Lyon ix).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Is Kashmir on the Way of Good Relationship between Pakistan and India? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, despite many numerous efforts by the international community to intervene in the situation, the warfare between the two countries has continued to widen in scope, technological inputs as well as the extent of destru ctiveness (Lyon xi). In 2001-2002, the two countries clashed when India mobilized its troops on the international border consequently provoking a Pakistani response which led to a ten month confrontation between the two countries. The relationship between the two countries was highly influenced by border conflicts as well as internal violence due to communalism, caste, and class conflict insurgencies which tended to overflow beyond the internal boundaries consequently resulting in interstate conflicts (Lyons xii). In addition, the economic relations between the two countries was characterized by conflict on division of the assets which served to intensify the conflict in the region and despite the fact that India embarked on significant liberalization of its economies and sought to widen its trade and investment in the subsequent years, the two countries still clash at issues regarding assets allocation and other economic disagreements (Lyons xii). In our attempt to understand the u nderlying factors that influence the relationship between India and Pakistan, we will analyze the major conflicts that have taken place in the region by focusing on three fundamental questions as outlined in the table below. Right Hypothesis Wrong Hypothesis Data: Question 1: Can the conflict between India and Pakistan be solely attributed to the dispute over Kashmir? Yes. â€Å"Kashmir is the most prominent and enduring flashpoint between India and Pakistan; the source of two wars and numerous skirmishes between the two countries† (Rafi 118). No. â€Å"The dominant explanation of regional conflict held by Pakistani’s strategic community is that from the day of independence, there has been a concerted Indian attempt to crash their state†¦Indians claim that Pakistan needs the India threat to maintain its own unity†(Cohen 204). Ayoob argues that the countries use Kashmir problem to cover for their own internal inadequacies. Question 2: Is the interven tion by external bodies effective in promoting the peace process between the two countries? Yes, â€Å"In 1949, the conflict between the two countries was ended with both countries agreeing to a United Nations brokered ceasefire†¦in 1965, a war that had broke out in the region over Kashmir ended in a stalemate prompting the Soviet union to a face saving cease fire (Rafi 120) No. â€Å"The dispute has not been resolved because of at least three factors†¦The US and the Soviet Union views the dispute as an inherent systemic East-West struggle, both states continue to pursue inflexible strategies, and the Kashmiris while patently victims have not been reluctant to exploit the situation (Cohen 220) Haq outlines the dedication by the Pakistan’s government towards the peace process. Question 3: Are the two countries headed for a resolution or permanent hostility? Yes. â€Å"If the two countries addressed the internal issues facing their respective countries and utiliz ed regional trade as a means of promoting good relationships between the two countries, then the two countries can reach an amicable solution† (Rafi 136). No. Regional peace now seems improbable given the difficulty of arriving at political acceptance in both countries at the same time (Cohen 223) Gupta identifies policy issues as a contributing factor that hinders the efforts of the peace process. Can the conflict between India and Pakistan be solely attributed to the dispute over Kashmir? Right hypothesis The root of all the conflicts and tensions in the region can be traced to boundary disagreements regarding Kashmir (Rafi 118). Wrong hypothesis The warring countries usually cover for the widespread internal instabilities by citing Kashmir as the root cause of problems within the region (Cohen 204).Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ever since 1947, the re lationship between India and Pakistan has continued to deteriorate despite numerous efforts by internal and external bodies to establish an amicable solution. Both nations have engaged in three actual wars and several other internal conflicts which have led to institutionalization of a trend that promotes accelerating arms race and growing nuclear power in the region. According to Rafi, Kashmir is the major and perhaps most persistent source of conflict between India and Pakistan since it has been cited as the source of two wars and several skirmishes. According to this writer, Kashmir is the most serious issue facing the two countries and presents itself as an international concern. Rafi presents the irreconcilable differences between the two countries by revealing Pakistan’s conceptualization of Kashmir as central pillar for national pride and a symbol of national identity while in India; Kashmir has been made an integral part of the country by all Indian governments. The w riter asserts that the highly intractable positions of both sides have only served to worsen the situation and frustrate any efforts towards reconciliation (Rafi 125). On the other hand, Ayoob argues that the differences which have arisen in other internal issues are the major causes of tension and instability and conflicts between the two countries. The writer has been backed by other scholars who have attempted to trace the root of the rivalry between the two countries by shifting their focus from the Kashmir problems and identified that the conflict persistent in the region have assisted the respective governments in suppressing internal crisis as well as crises of national integration. For instance, Pakistan utilized Indian threats to suppress dissent in East Pakistan for many years (Ayoob 42). According to Ayoob, the conflict and tensions prevalent in the region should be attributed to such factors as political instability which is widespread in these countries and often frustr ate the efforts to resolve any conflicts arising between the two countries. In addition, the writer observes that internal intra elite conflicts and competition adversely affects the relationship between the India and Pakistan since they heavily influence the way policies are formulated (Ayoob 45). Another major and perhaps less emphasized factor that has promoted interstate conflict between the two countries is status inconsistency in international relations. The two country’s perception of their power status remains largely incompatible and their goals towards achievement of these perceived statuses may have led to the conflicts that persist to date in the region (Ayoob 47).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Is Kashmir on the Way of Good Relationship between Pakistan and India? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Numerous reasons have been identified as the major causes of tension between India and Paki stan. (Chopra 336) identifies the test of nuclear weapon and missiles as one of the major and perhaps a more recent factor that promoted friction between India and Pakistan. The history of this conflict is more recent dating back to 1998 when the two countries engaged in nuclear confrontations which threatened the lives of people living in this region and the world at large (Chopra 335). The latest crisis was experienced despite the US efforts to deploy its forces in Afghanistan and out of bases in Pakistan (Pundak 69). The conflict was highly facilitated by the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament followed by a terrorist attack in on an Indian army camp. This forced the Indians to respond and consequently, both countries mobilized their conventional forces and moved them to border areas despite the increasing external pressure for Pakistan to rein in the cross border infiltration of the militants into Kashmir while urging India to refrain from military escalation in order to p revent the likelihood of a nuclear war (Pundak 69). This issue remains one of great delicacy since nuclear war would not only have devastating effects on the occupants of this region but would also affect the external world. Consequently, the United States intervened on the crisis by pressing Pakistan to permanently end its support for terrorism in the region of Kashmir and encouraged India to use elections in order to implement political change in the region (Pundak 69). The arms embargo by the United States has led to steady atrophy in military equipment and despite the fact that China has offered to offer military assistance to Pakistan which has raised a lot of controversy in thee region, India still enjoys comparative advantage in terms of access to conventional weaponry from the cash starved Asia (Pundak 71). Pakistan poor economic performance relative to India’s healthy growth inhibits the ability of the country to finance its modernization programs and this is worsene d by lack of back up from developed countries such as US in favor of India which serves to further intensify the imbalance. The persistent threat of imbalance in the nuclear force structure between the two regions promotes instability in the region. Emergence of major asymmetry in nuclear postures in the two countries could produce adverse instability but this is likely not to happen in the near future. However, dynamics of even slow arms is likely to continue to fuel anxiety in the region which is likely to stir nuclear instability.Advertising Looking for term paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The interstate conflict between the two countries can therefore be attributed to numerous factors and although the Kashmir dispute has been the major cause of most conflicts in the region, the countries should focus on solving the internal problems facing each of the countries in order to be able to deal with the prevalent interstate problems. Is the intervention by external bodies effective in promoting the peace process between the two countries? Right hypothesis United Nations and the Soviet Union have in the past succeeded in ending the war between the two countries (Rafi 201). Wrong hypothesis Regional peace is impossible with the countries lack of dedication to the peace process. (Cohen P 222) Border conflicts between India and Pakistan have been persistent over a long period of time with Pakistan claiming over some territories believed to belong to the Indians and consequently attacking Indian posts. In June 1965 for example, resulting from Pakistan’s infiltration in K ashmir across the ceasefire line, there emerged war between India and Pakistan and the two countries have continued to fight over the same despite the Tashkent declaration (Chopra 336). According to Haq, Pakistan believes that the key to attaining a permanent and amicable solution to the Kashmir will only be possible with Kashmiri leadership from both sides coming into a common platform and display flexibility to achieve a durable solution. Measures have been put to ensure that Indians understand that the Kashmiris are a stakeholder in the bilateral dialogue and they must therefore be considered as the principal beneficiaries of the eventual outcome of the peace process. Haq highlights Pakistan caretaker prime minister’s acknowledgement that the history of Pakistan and India relations is bound to remain vulnerable as long as the two countries fail to resolve the core issues of Kashmir and Jammu which have formed the major contention in the region. The peace process is aimed a t ensuring the solution established goes beyond the confidence building measures into addressing the implications of the conflict (Haq 2). Mohammadmian Soomro emphasizes on the need for incorporating the Kashmiris in the process of peace keeping which he feels that will enable the two countries to reach mutually acceptable and sustainable solution in attempt to display the region’s commitment to the peace efforts and resolutions with India. Further, Pakistan has been found willing to move beyond conflict management towards conflict resolution since this would provide an amicable solution not only to the parties involved but also to international peace and security (Haq 2). The writer emphasizes on Pakistan’s opposition of the Indian security forces which are stationed in the region of Kashmir and are empowered with Draconian laws which serves to deny the citizens their basic fundamental rights and the right to self determination to the Kashmir people and the prime mini ster expressed optimism that India will show the same dedication and flexibility as displayed by the Pakistani since this will foster cooperation and development in both countries which will promote development of a permanent solution to their conflict. Some other writer are optimistic that the modern situation provides a chance for conflict resolution in the region especially drawing from the Indian’s prime minister’s far sighted decision to respond to the initiatives of the Pakistan’s prime minister which saw a couple of measures implemented by both countries in the recent past and continues to be implemented in future. Further, the SAARC summit of 2004 had served to raise hopes that a dialogue process may commence following the summit (Gupta 365). Agreement on a peace process provides the context for constructive dialogue between the two warring countries and the peace process should incorporate a settlement process and a range of confidence building measures and resort to avoid impasse (Gupta 365). In addition, Kashmiris should ensure that they remain neutral in the conflict between India and Pakistan to avoid further conflict between the two countries but this will largely impair the possibility of addressing their grievances as well as the widespread human rights violations that continues to take place in the region (Gupta 365) Over the years, numerous solutions have been proposed in the attempt to resolve the Kashmir problem which has been the major source of interstate conflicts between the two countries. Solutions proposed include implementation of soft borders between the two parts of Kashmir pending a permanent and fair solution to the underlying problem, region-by-region plebiscite of the Kashmiris, UN trusteeship of the region under contention, sharing the territory along the lines of Trieste and Andorra models or the establishment of a nominally sovereign territory controlled jointly by the two states, depopulation of Muslim Kashmiris and repopulation by Hindus from India among other strategies (Cohen 220). Cohen seeks to answer the question as to why the conflict continues to persist despite the numerous efforts and dialogue designed to resolve the conflict between the two countries. He explains the hindrances in three fold; Firstly, the cold war highly influenced the United States and Soviet Union perception of the dispute as an inherent East-West struggle. Secondly, India and Pakistan continue to pursue inflexible strategies whereby India has gradually diminished Kashmir’s special status under article 370 of the constitution of India which grants the state special status in the Indian Union. The country also continues to pretend that a solution has been achieved through the Simla agreement which serves to derail the process of establishing a solution. This strategy by India later facilitated further disagreements between the two countries with consequences being evidenced in the 1980s when Ind ia rejected the political option and was reluctant to accommodate the Kashmiris demands and also excluded Pakistan from their Kashmir policy while resisting outside efforts to resolve the conflict (Cohen 220). Yet, India lacks the resources, the will or a strategic plan to deal with the problem that heavily determines the relationship between the two countries single handedly. On the other hand, Pakistan often resort to force and military as well as terrorist attacks in the attempt to acquire Kashmir from the Indians and this not only further worsens the political relationship between the two countries, it continues to give the Indian government an opportunity to avoid negotiations aimed at resolving the conflict and this has also served to alienate the Kashmiris in the past. The Kashmiris seek to exploit benefits from this disagreement despite the fact that they are victims of the situation by seeking Independence from India and Pakistan. Consequently, India and Pakistan continue t o conflict on which of the two countries should control Kashmir and the mechanism for addressing the Kashmir’s grievances but agree on one thing, that the region should not be made an independent state (Cohen 221). This render the proposal from outsiders that focus on the interests of the Kashmiris in determination of the fate of the region fruitless as they remain unsupported in New Delhi and Islamabad which are the major stakeholders in determining the fate of the relationship between the two countries. Cohen observes that the dispute has become so deeply entrenched in the conflict between the two countries and it’s so complicated that the parties involved are likely to experience huge difficulties in trying to resolve it. The valley residents continually raise complaints that they are being invaded by Indians while other Kashmiri groups such as Pandits are in constant fear of invasion by the Muslims (Cohen 221). To further complicate the process towards establishing a solution, there exist different perspectives within India and Pakistan on Kashmir and during the Kashmir crises of 1990, the further one was from Islamabad and Delhi, the less passion there was about Kashmir. Lack of a working solution is highly influenced by lack of a strategy and if such a strategy had existed in the 80s, then the later consequences that have seen India and Pakistan at the verge of war may have been avoided. In addition, positive change in the relationship between Pakistan and India would require reform in each state as well as a comprehensive solution to the Kashmir problem. Another major impairment to the process of reconciliation in the region is that none of the parties involved is time conscious on the duration of time that the resolution should take place. Both countries lack commitment to reconciliation process and despite the fact that a lot has and continues to be done to reconcile the two countries; they are likely to fail if both countries continue t o lack commitment towards the process. Are the two countries headed for a resolution or permanent hostility? Right hypothesis Regional trade may be utilized to promote good relations between the two countries. (Paul 2) Wrong hypothesis Policy issues significantly hinder effective implementation of the peace process (Cohen 220) Paul views the case of Pakistan India conflict as a careful representation of enduring rivalry in the region. According to Paul, identity which refers to ethnic and linguistic attachments as well as nature of politics, purpose of the state and its underlying values is the major factor hindering the peace process (Paul 178). The rivalry depicts issues in national identity in Pakistan and India with the rise of Islamism and Hindu nationalism as well as their role in shaping identities in the two countries. Paul also acknowledges that at the face value, sacralization of politics in the two countries has resulted in the persistence of rivalry in both regions but t he historical evidence does not necessarily support this conclusion and has provided for greater opportunities for compromise. Identity may have played a major role in Indian Pakistan rivalry in the past but the role has increasingly changed with both countries becoming more reliant on religious ideology in their mode of governance. However, the nations’ identity may not have necessary resulted in negative implications that may significantly hinder the process of resolving the conflict but it has provided existing dynamics of the rivalry with new ideological orientation as well as political opportunities. For instance, In India, the rise of Hindu nationalism has strengthened attitudes towards the question of Pakistan while the Pakistan the impact of Islamism is not consistent and has strengthened Pakistan’s identity without necessarily strengthening the communalist discourse that legitimated the rivalry (Paul 201) Cohen on the other hand views the controversy surroundi ng Kashmir to be more intense in India relative to Pakistan and no future can be absolutely determined with the conflict still persisting especially due to the Indian view to draw international boundary along the cease fire area with minor adjustments while Pakistan continues to rejects this idea although it keeps cropping up in proposals by Indians as well as third parties (Cohen 223). The region has the potential to achieve long lasting peace drawing on past experiences in regions that have managed to resolve their conflicts but due to the extent to which the conflict has been entrenched in the region, extensive and major policy issues have to be addressed in both India and Pakistan in order to reach an amicable solution. Regional peace however, seems hard to accomplish since India, highly critical of two nation theory views Pakistan’s sole reason for existence as based on this theory and also a force that would encourage India’s large Muslim population to promote se paratist groups (Cohen 223). Indian argument suggests that there can be no real peace between the two regions since they fail to accept their core differences existing between them. On the side of Pakistan, the intellectual and political debate area is dominated by hardliners as well as military security establishment with moderate voices often going unheard or intentionally suppressed (Cohen 223). Consequently, India and Pakistan may not be able to improve their relationship status without intervention from the external community. In order to improve the relationship between India and Pakistan, India would require implementing extensive reforms in its federal system and the military balance between the two countries should be reexamined along with the provisions that would prevent the two states from again turning to arms in Kashmir. Cohen recommends that Pakistan should reconstruct their view on their approach towards the conflict and rather than focusing on military confrontation s, they should draw incentives for interstate associations while India on the other hand has to demonstrate to Pakistan that not only would it be willing to make significant concessions, but it would also be willing to negotiate. Addressing individual identity issues and policy issues in the country would facilitate reconciliation and promote stability in the region. Conclusion The role of peace making process should shift towards the fundamental causes of persistent instability between the two countries and the peace process should aim at achieving continuous series of moves aimed at permanent resolution from the nuclear brink. The region should also focus on the other factors affecting the relationship between the two countries such as nuclear war which threatens the peace of the entire world at large. Works Cited Ayoob, Mohammed. Conflict Intervention in the Third World. London: Taylor and Francis, 1980. Print. Chopra Pran Nath. A Comprehensive History of Modern India. New Delhi: Sterling publishers Ltd, 2003. Print. Cohen, P. Stephen. India: Emerging Power. Washington DC: Brookings institution press, 2001. Print. Gupta R. Komal. India-Pakistan Relations with Special Reference to Kashmir. New Delhi: Atlantic publishers and distributors, 2006. Print. Haq ul Noor. â€Å"Pakistan- India Peace Process (2008-2009).†Ã‚  Web. Lyon, Peter. Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia. California: ABC CLIO, 2008. Print. Paul Thazha Varkey. The India-Pakistan Conflict: An Enduring Rivalry. New York: Cambridge University press, 2005. Print. Pundak, Ron. â€Å"From Oslo to Taba: What went wrong?† Survival: The IISS Quarterly, Vol. 43 No. 3, Autumn. 2001. Rafi Khan Shaheen. Regional Integration and Conflict Resolution. London: Taylor and Francis, 2008. Print. This term paper on Is Kashmir on the Way of Good Relationship between Pakistan and India? was written and submitted by user Angelica Monroe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.